Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301Editorial Volume 7, Issue 1سرمقاله، جلد 7، شماره 1121395410.22049/jalda.2019.26636.1142ENBahramBehinAssociate Professor of TESOL, Department of English Language and Literature, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, IrannullJournal Article20190101JALDA, therefore, would like to show inclination towards the view that the reality of the world is not a fixed entity standing out there to be measured by our pre-fabricated ‘scientific’ instruments. In line with Haghshenas’ argumentation, not only can theories and instruments shrink to ornamental entities but also they can turn into what Karl Popper calls pseudo-science, knowledge of an ‘ideological’ rather than of a ‘scientific’ nature (see Fuller, 1996). The knowledge based on positivism is prone to shrink to pseudo-science, for instance, because it is knowledge based solely on natural phenomena and their properties and relations that are accounted for according to man-made networks of laws. Any biased insistence upon such knowledge and hostility towards what lies outside the network, the darkness of the world, an experience of the recent politico-scientific history of the world, should push what was expected to be ‘scientific’ towards ‘pseudo-science.’ JALDA’s policy is to see its pages colourfully arrayed with findings and views from even the darkest corners of the world, where things are seen in ways quite different from the ways we are used to seeing them.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301JALDA's Interview with Dr. Farshid Sadatsharifiمصاحبه با دکتر فرشید سادات شریفی پیرامون ماهیت ادبیات کاربردی361395610.22049/jalda.2019.26640.1143ENFarshidSadatsharifiInstitute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, Montreal, CanadaBahramBehinDepartment of English, Facalty of Literature and Humanities, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, IrannullJournal Article20190814Farshid Sadatsharifi has been visiting scholar at the Institute of Islamic Studies in McGill University, Montreal, Canada since 2016. He received his PhD and MA in Persian Language and Literature from Shiraz University, Iran. He also completed his post-doc fellowship in Interdisciplinary Approaches to Literature at the same university. Dr. Sadatsharifi is the co-founder and director of Samaak Institution, the center for Persian Language and Literature in applied approach. He is the affiliated researcher of Hafez Studies Center, and a permanent member of Iranian Society of Persian Humor (ISPH). Dr. Sadatsharifi has spent ten years celebrating literary theories, the meaning of life, existentialism, and other subjects related to studying and teaching Persian Language and Literature in a multidisciplinary and applied approach. He hopes to have the chance to establish “applied literature” as a well-recognized part of literary studies. He believes that an applied approach is unavoidable for any form of art, humanities and literature nowadays. In pursuit of JALDA’s fundamental goal of spotlighting the nature of applied literature, the journal’s editor-in-chief, Dr. Bahram Behin, had a short conversation with Dr. Sadatsharifi.دکتر فرشید سادات شریفی، دارای دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی از دانشگاه شیراز بوده و از سال 1395 تاکنون به عنوان استاد و محقق در دانشگاه «مک گیل» در مونترال کانادا اشتغال داشته اند. در مصاحبه با سردبیر مجله «زبانشناسی کاربردی و ادبیات کاربردی: پویش ها و پیشرفت ها« ایشان ضمن تبیین دیدگاهشان در خصوص ماهیت ادبیات کاربردی، از تجارب کاری خود در زمینۀ ادبیات کاربردی می گویند. Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301Textuality: The ‘form’ to Be Focused on in SLAمتنیّت: در آموزش زبان انگلیسی بر کدام «شکل زبانی« باید تکیه داشت؟
متن سخنرانی دکتر کاظم لطفی پور ساعدی در دومین کنفرانس ملی بررسی مسائل زبان انگلیسی در دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان
9-10 اردیبهشت 13977191395010.22049/jalda.2019.26630.1139ENKazemLotfipour-SaediEmeritus Professor, University of Tabriz, Iran; Language Assessor, Ottawa Language Assessment Center, CanadaDavoudAminiAzarbaijan Shahid Madani University0000-0000-0000-0000Journal Article20190731Due to the special (procedural) nature of the language (verbal communication) ‘knowledge’, the dominant trends in applied linguistics research in the last few decades have been advocating ‘acquisition’ rather than ‘learning’ activities where the main focus in SL & FL education should be on ‘meaning’ while some ‘focus-on-form’ being justified. But the ‘form’ to be ‘focused-on’ is mostly misconceived to be ‘grammaticality’ of sentences. This misconception is driven by the traditional outlook on language which considers it as a set of sentences carrying THE meaning deposited upon them, disregarding the true nature of verbal transactions where meanings are discursively constructed by the participants in interaction , and the text (enabled by its textuality) rather than sentences (supported by their grammatical accuracy) mediates this discursive process. The present paper argues that textuality representing an underlying discourse should be the ‘form’ to be focused on in SLA facilitation tasks. It is the textuality and its ‘impulse-creating and impulse-reiterating agencies which, upon their perception, help the receiver to grasp the hierarchical integrity of the linearly organized text. Each text can be seen as containing a set of units which are psycho-socio-linguistically determined packages facilitating the linear presentation of the textual hierarchy. These units, labeled as T-units in written text, can be defined as stretches of text occurring between two full-stops. These T-units are the epicenters for ‘impulse-creation’ while carrying some ‘impulse-reiterating’ elements as well. Variations in the overall configuration of the T-units including what is chosen as their main verb (epicenter), the number of impulse-reiterating elements revolving around it and their mode of realization will be discussed. It will be argued that the SLA ‘focus-on-form’ activities designed to raise the language learners’ consciousness should be along these textuality dimensions; and examples of such activities (mainly oriented towards reading/writing skills) will be discussed.دکتر کاظم لطفی پور ساعدی استاد بازنشسته دانشگاه تبریز و در حال حاضر استاد ناظر در مرکز سنجش و ارزیابی زبان انگلیسی دانشگاه اوتاوا در کانادا می باشند. ایشان به عنوان سخنران اصلی در دومین کنفرانس بررسی مسائل زبان انگلیسی که 9-10 اردیبهشت سال 1397 در دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان برگزار گردید، حضور یافته و به ایراد سخنرانی پرداختند. متن سخنرانی ایشان با موضوع متنیّت: در آموزش زبان انگلیسی بر کدام «شکل زبانی« باید تکیه داشت، در این بخش از مجله زبانشناسی کاربردی و ادبیات کاربردی: پویش ها و پیشرفت ها در اختیار علاقمندان قرار می گیرد. <br />با توجه به ماهیت ویژۀ (فرآیندی) دانش مربوط به ارتباط کلامی یا همان زبان، روند حاکم در زمینۀ پژوهش های زبانشناسی کاربردی در چند دهۀ اخیر به نوعی مدافع "فراگیری" زبان دوم یا خارجی در مقابل "یادگیری" آن بوده اند. در فراگیری زبان، توجه اصلی باید بر معناها باشد؛ اما اندکی توجه به فرم های زبان هم مجاز است. لیکن به نظر می رسد سوء برداشت متداول دربارۀ فرم زبانی این بوده که آنرا مترادف "روابط دستوری" در جملات دانسته اند. این سوء برداشت ناشی از نظریۀ رایج در زبانشناسی است که زبان را متشکل از تعدادی جمله می داند که حامل معنای سپرده شده به آنها هستند بدون اینکه ماهیت واقعی مبادلات کلامی لحاظ گردد که در آنها معنا به شیوه ای گفتمانی و با مشارکت طرفین ارتباط کلامی تشکیل می گردد و آنچه که این فرایند را اداره می کند متن زبان (نشأت گرفته از متنیَت آن) است و نه جملات زبان (که متکی بر روابط دستوری صحیح در جملات باشد). استدلال مقاله حاضر این است که باید متنیَت زبان که نمایانگر گفتمان نهفته در آن است، همان "فرم زبانی" است که باید در تمرینات تسهیل کنندۀ فراگیری زبان دوم مد نظر قرار گیرد. متنیَت زبان و عوامل مربوط به "ایجاد و بیان پیام" مربوط به آن است که با ادراک آنها دریافت کننده پیام به سلسله مراتب به هم پیوسته در متنی که به صورت خطی سازمان یافته پی می برد. هر متن را می توان متشکل از واحدهایی در نظر گرفت که در بر گیرندۀ بسته های روانشناختی- اجتماعی- زبانشناختی هستند که به عرضۀ خطی سلسله مراتب متنی کمک می کنند. این واحدها در متن نوشتاری با عنوان واحدهای T شناخته می شوند و قطعه ای از زبان را شامل می شوند که بین دو نقطه قرار می گیرند. واحدهای T کانون "خلق پیام ها" هستند که در عین حال حامل برخی عناصر "بیان پیام ها" هم می باشند. تنوع موجود در پیکربندی کلَی واحدهای T از جمله انتخاب فعل اصلی (کانون) و نیز عناصر بیان کنندۀ پیام که در اطراف آن جمع شده اند و نحوۀ شکل گیری و ظهور آنها در مقاله حاضر مورد بحث قرار می گیرد. استدلال اینست که فعالیتهای "فرم – محور" در فراگیری زبان دوم که به منظور بالابردن آگاهی فراگیران از فرمهای زبانی تعبیه می شوند، لازم است در راستای ابعاد مربوط به متنیَت زبان قرار گیرند. نمونه هایی از این فعالیت ها با تمرکز بر مهارتهای خواندن و نوشتن ارائه می گردد. Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301What Is Applied Literature?ادبیات کاربردی چیست؟21331395210.22049/jalda.2019.26629.1138ENBahramBehinAssociate Professor of TESOL, Department of English Language and Literature, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, IrannullJournal Article20190730Applied literature is a term that is the outcome of a need to put literature to tangible uses in the “real” world. A medical practitioner looking for a definition of life, for instance, finds literature a useful source for the answer. With paradigm shifts in scientific studies, interdisciplinarity has been a method to overcome the alienations that resulted from the isolation of disciplines from one another. Some would go even further to problematize the concept of being solely confined to the limits of disciplines or the textuality of literature because they are still hindrances to coming into direct contact with the “real” world. Arguing that tangible real world should lie at the core of applied literary studies, this paper is an attempt to show how a path may be opened up towards the diverse nature of reality in literary studies through a critical review of relevant aspects of literary theory and by drawing upon studies of cultures.ادبیات کاربردی اصطلاحی است که حاصل احساس نیاز به بکارگیری ادبیات به شیوه ای ملموس در دنیای حقیقی است. به عنوان مثال، پزشکی که به دنبال تعریف زیست انسانی است ممکن است بتواند پاسخ پرسش خود را در ادبیات بیابد. به دنبال تغییر الگوها در پژوهش های علمی، مفهوم «میان رشته ای» به عنوان شیوه ای راهگشا برای فائق آمدن بر شرایط غریب ناشی از جداسازی رشته ها از یکدیگر مطرح گردید. برخی ممکن است حتی پا را فراتر نهاده و اشکالاتی را بر امکان محدود شدن در درون یک حیطۀ علمی و یا متنیَت ادبیات وارد نمایند؛ چراکه همۀ اینهامانعی بر سر راه برقراری تماس مستقیم با دنیای «حقیقی» هستند. با این استدلال که دنیای حقیقی و ملموس باید در بطن مطالعات کاربردی ادبیات قرار گیرد، مقاله حاضر برآنست تا از طریق مرور نقادانۀ جنبه های مرتبط نظریۀ ادبی و با تکیه بر مطالعات فرهنگی نشان دهد که چگونه می توان مسیری را به سمت ماهیَت متنوع «حقیقت» در مطالعات ادبی بازگشود.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Representations of Females in Printed Advertisements (Case study of Payame Yaghoot Medical health Iranian Journal)تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی در مورد نقش زنان در تبلیغات رسانه های چاپی (مطالعه موردی مجله یاقوت سلامت)35451386910.22049/jalda.2019.26392.1103ENMohammad HosseinYousefiAssistant Professor of Applied Linguistics, Islamic Azad University of Bonab Branch, Bonab, Iran.0000-0002-0390-3374FarzadRostamiPhD candidate in Applied Linguistics, Islamic Azad University of Bonab Branch, Bonab, Iran.0000-0003-2916-8053Journal Article20181204Abstract<br />Print advertisements not only directly try to persuade buyers but also indirectly play a role in shaping their social attitude. An interesting area of research that as yet has received little or no attention is the study of the representations of females in magazines that their readers are mostly women. This study examined print advertisements in local family and health magazine from a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective. It mainly focused on the use of women in advertisements and strategies employed by advertisers to manipulate and influence their customers. The analysis is based on Fairclough’s three -dimensional framework. It demonstrates how the ideology of ‘women's portrait’ is produced and reproduced through advertisements in popular local women’s magazines. The findings indicated that advertisers used various strategies to take advantages of women. The advertisements promote an idealized lifestyle and direct readers to a certain extent into believing whatever that is advertised is indeed true. This study revealed how the ideologies of beauty and health are constructed and reconstructed through magazines by stereotyping how advertised products are synonymous with a better life. Advertising language is used to control people’s minds. Thus people in power (advertisers) use language as a means to exercise control over others.<br /><br />Keywords: critical discourse analyses, gender role, advertisement, magazineتبلیغات های چاپی نه تنها مستقیما در پی متقاعد کردن خریداران هستند بلکه بصورت غیر مستقیم نقش اساسی در تغییر نگرش جامعه ایجاد میکنند. حوزه مورد بررسی در تحقیق حاضر، مطالعه کمتر انجام شده ایست که به نقش زنان در تبلیغات مجلاتی می پردازد که خوانندگان آن را غالبا خود زنان تشکیل میدهند. این مطالعه از دیدگاه گفتمان انتقادی به بررسی دقیق تبلیغات چاپ شده در مجلات خانواده و سلامت پرداخته است. تمرکز اصلی بر روی بکارگیری زنان در تبلیغات و استراتژی های بکار رفته توسط شرکت های تبلیغاتی برای کنترل و تأثیر بر مشتریان است. این تحلیل بر اساس چهارچوب سه بعدی فارکلو صورت گرفته است و نشان میدهد که چگونه ایدئولوژی صورت زنان از طریق تبلیغات در مجلات محلی مربوط به زنان بازسازی می شود. یافته ها نشان میدهد که شرکت های تبلیغاتی از روش های مختلفی جهت سود بردن از زنان استفاده می کنند. این شرکت ها با تلاش جهت نشان دادن یک زندگی ایده آل، در تلاش برای ایجاد این باور در میان خوانندگان هستند که آنچه برایش تبلیغات صورت میگیرد در واقع مورد نیاز زندگی است. این مطالعه آشکار نمود که چگونه طرز نگاه به مقولات زیبایی و سلامت در مجلات مربوطه از طریق ایجاد باور به اینکه هر آنچه تبلیغ میشود زندگی را بهتر میکند، دستکاری و (باز)سازی میشود. زبان تبلیغات برای کنترل اذهان بکار میرود. افرادی که مسئول چنین تبلیغاتی هستند از زبان بعنوان ابزاری جهت کنترل کردن دیگران استفاده میکنند.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301A Linguistic Study on the Translation of Parvin E’tesami’s Poems into English Using Catford’s Category Shiftsبررسی زبانشناختی ترجمه ی انگلیسی اشعار پروین اعتصامی بر مبنای تبدیل های مقوله ای کتفورد47651387210.22049/jalda.2019.26454.1121ENShokoufehEskandariMA in Translation Studies, Department of English Language and Literature, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.BiookBehnamAssociate Professor of Applied Linguistics, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0002-8936-0701AbolfazlRamazaniAssistant Professor of American and British Literature, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0002-6460-4503RoyaMonsefiAssistant Professor of Translation Studies, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0001-6374-6182Journal Article20190317The present study aimed to investigate the translation into English by Alaeddin Pazargadi of Parvin E’tesami’s poems; in particular, it attempted to analyze the structural elements such as verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, articles, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections in them. Considering the relationship between Linguistics and Translation Studies, the theoretical framework chosen was that by Catford (1965) whose category shifts which are of a linguistic nature concentrate on the text constituents such as clause, phrase, and word. The main objectives of this paper were to determine what kinds of category shifts were mostly utilized by the translator, and, using linguistic-oriented approaches to translation, to shed more light on the source text (ST) structures. To this aim, the qualitative and quantitative methodologies of research were used. The analyses indicated that, amongst the 14 selected couplets, unit shifts had the most frequency while structure shifts were the least frequent category shifts used in the act of translation.پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی ترجمه ی انگلیسی علاءالدین پازارگادی از اشعار پروین اعتصامی و تحلیل عناصر ساختاری آن از جمله افعال٬ اسامی٬ ضمایر٬ صفت ها٬ قید ها٬ حروف تعریف٬ حروف ربط٬ حروف اضافه، و حروف ندا صورت گرفت. با در نظر گرفتن رابطه ی بین زبان شناسی و مطالعات ترجمه، چارچوب نظری کتفورد (1965) که شامل تبدیل های مقوله ای می باشد، انتخاب شد. این تبدیل ها ماهیتی زبان شناختی دارند و بر اجزای سازنده ی متن اعم از جمله واره٬ عبارت، و واژه متمرکزند. از اهداف اصلی این مقاله٬ تعیین نوع ِ تبدیل مقوله ای است که عمدتاً مترجم به کار گرفته است و استفاده از رویکرد های زبان شناختی محور در ترجمه جهت روشن کردن ساختار های متن مبدا. بدین منظور٬ از روش های تحقیق کمی و کیفی استفاده شد. تحلیل ها نشان دادند در بین ١٤ دو بیتی منتخب،تغییر واحد بیشترین تکرار را داشت؛ این در حالی است که تغییر ساختار٬ کمترین تکرار را در ترجمه دارا بود.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301Canons and Controversies: The Critical Gaze on Jhumpa Lahiri’s Fictionمجموعه آثار مورد مناقشه: بازبینی نقدهای متناقض بر آثار ادبی جومپا لاهیری67821387510.22049/jalda.2019.26414.1110ENMoussaPourya AslSchool of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia0000-0002-8426-426XJournal Article20190117The South Asian American diasporic writer, Jhumpa Lahiri has been widely acclaimed by the first-world intellectuals for her truthful representations of diasporic experience. In recent years, however, some scholars have drawn upon Gayatri Spivak’s notion of “Native Informant” to interrogate the controversial canonization of Lahiri in the West, and point instead to her disavowed participation in the production of favored knowledge. In consideration of the rising incidence of critical controversies in naming the diasporic writer, this article aims to conduct a review of the established literature to synthesize and integrate the copious amount of scholarly insights available on variables related to naming and categorizing. To this end, the corpus of interpretation, criticism and appreciation are surveyed with three questions in mind: What controversial and mixed reactions have Lahiri and her fiction provoked? How much deliberation has been given to interpreting her short stories and novels as works of art, and how much thought has been given to critique or to side issues? This will allow the researcher to track the critical gaze that seemingly produces auras of exoticism and thereby allegedly appropriates the position of the writer as a Native Informant. The study concludes that the major concern of any critical work on Lahiri should not merely be the issues of diasporas and cultural tensions, but facets of the author’s politics of representation.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301“Based on the data in …” Cohesive markers in Results and Discussion Section of Research Articlesنشانگرهای انسجام متنی در قسمت نتایج و بحث مقالات علمی831041387810.22049/jalda.2019.26442.1116ENSeyed FoadEbrahimiLecturer in Applied Linguistics, Department of English, Shadegan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shadegan, Iran.0000-0001-7450-7187ChanSwee HengProfessor in Applied Linguistics, ELPTP Center, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia.Journal Article20190303Cohesive frames are linguistic elements that precede the grammatical subject in the main clause. This study investigated the frequencies and communicative purposes of cohesive frame types in results and discussion section of research articles from 4 disciplines. To run this study, 40 results and discussion sections of research articles were selected from 4 disciplines, namely Applied Linguistics, Psychology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering (10 from each discipline). Then, the corpus was analyzed using Ebrahimi’s (2014) taxonomy of cohesive frame types. The results showed that writers of the four sets of results and discussion section of research articles showed similarities and differences concerning the frequencies and communicative purposes served through the use of cohesive frame markers. frequencies and communicative purposes of cohesive frame types were imposed by the rhetorical functions of results and discussion section and disciplinary conventions of writing. The results may have implications for teaching students in writing the results and discussion section of research articles, particularly for non native novice writers of English.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301Time of Memorization and English Spelling Difficulties among Iranian EFL Students in Malaysiaزمان یادآوری و مشکلات املائی انگلیسی در بین دانش آموزان ایرانی در مالزی1051181387910.22049/jalda.2019.26476.1125ENMaryamAlipourPh.D. Student in English Language Studies,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi Selangor, Malaysia.KhazriatiSalehuddinAssociate Professor of Applied Linguistics and a Psycholinguist, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi Selangor, Malaysia.Siti HaminStapaProfessor of Applied Linguistics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi Selangor, Malaysia.Journal Article20190419Abstract<br />In this study, phonological, morphological, and orthographical spelling difficulties were identified to examine the correlation between spelling difficulties and the time taken to memorize the spelling of words (time of memorization) among Iranian EFL students in Malaysia. The participants were 41 Iranian EFL students (20 male and 21 female) who were selected purposefully from an Iranian secondary school in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. A pre-test and post-test design adapting Tabrizi at el.’s (2013) approach was used. Forty words from the second-year English textbook of Iranian EFL students were selected for use in both pre-test and post-test. After the identification of the most frequent type of spelling errors, a significant negative correlation was found between time of memorization and English spelling errors (r= - 0.765), indicating that when the time of response was short, English spelling errors increased. The findings may contribute to identification, classification, and treatment of spelling, and reducing spelling difficulties among EFL learners to mitigate spelling difficulties among young learners, particularly among Iranian EFL students.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301The Divining Reader: A Construct Based on the Bibliomantic Approach to Hafez’s Divanخوانندۀ غیبجو: مفهومی بر اساس رویکرد تفالی به دیوان حافظ1191401390610.22049/jalda.2019.26368.1095ENMehdiAghamohammadiMA in English Language and Literature, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20181031Hafez Shirazi was a distinguished Persian poet. His poetry collection, Divan, is regarded as a literary work of profound significance. Iranians view this collection as something much more than poetry because it is also used for bibliomantic purposes. After studying Hafez in his social context and exploring distinctive qualities of his Divan, particularly its application as a divination tool, the present article largely aims to determine what type of reader the querent who uses Hafez’s Divan is. The answer to this question has led to the introduction of a novel reader construct in the realm of reader-oriented theories. Divining reader is the term I use to refer to the reader who consults Hafez’s poetry collection as a bibliomantic text so as to solve a problem or find an answer to a question. The divining reader has eighteen identifying characteristics, one of which is the willing unframing of disbelief, referring to the fact that the reader first unframes whatever disbelieving and then reframes the unframed disbelief into a belief.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301A Thematic Analysis of the National Anthems of English West Africaتحلیل محتوای مضامین بهکاررفته در سرودهای ملی کشورهای غرب آفریقا1411511394310.22049/jalda.2019.26509.1130ENCosmasAmenorviLecturer of English and Academic Writing and Communication Skills, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.0000000317565043Gertrude YidanpoaGrumahLecturer of English and Academic Writing and Communication Skills, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.Journal Article20190603This paper investigates major themes espoused in the national anthems of English West Africa. Further, it seeks to find out how these themes are projected linguistically and literarily. Five English-speaking countries in West Africa, namely, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia and The Gambia, were purposively sampled based on their colonial history, language and geographical location for this paper. Findings show that the major themes espoused in these national anthems are the themes of unity, religion, freedom and modesty. The themes are projected linguistically by conscious diction. Content lexical items – nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs – are preferred to non-content words in projecting these themes. Besides, literarily, these anthems employ figures of speech such as repetition, apostrophe, oxymoron, imagery, rhythm and metaphor to convey the various themes. These findings confirm the popular view in the study of national anthems that national anthems of countries which share colonial history, language and geographical location are similar in content and style.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301Dynamic Mediation for Removing Language Comprehension Problems: A Psychological Support for Listening Comprehension Mental Processingمداخلۀ پویا برای رفع مشکلات درک زبان: یک پشتیبانی روانشناختی برای پردازش ذهنی در درک شنیداری1531731394910.22049/jalda.2019.26488.1128ENSajjadKhorami FardMA in TEFL, English Department, Yasouj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasouj, Iran.Journal Article20190512Dynamic Assessment is an approach to assessment within Applied Linguistics which is stemmed from Vygotsky’s Socio-Cultural Theory of mind, his concept of Zone of Proximal Development and Feuerstein's theory of Structural Cognitive Modifiability. This study is an attempt to pinpoint the sources of mental processing problems in listening comprehension and applies dynamic interventions to remove the problems and promote listening. Two male classes (each containing 5 upper-intermediate members) ranging in age from 19 to 24, were selected based on an intact group design. One class was selected as the control and another class as the experimental group haphazardly. The research was on the pre-test, mediation, and post-test paradigm. In the beginning, the two groups were pre-tested purposefully and their real time listening problems were detected through verbal and nonverbal recall protocols. Then, in the mediation phase dynamic group experienced different treatment sessions in two weeks to overcome the problems detected on the pre-test. The experimental group was instructed with mediations based on the Sandwich format of interventionist dynamic assessment while the control group received no intervention and was taught traditionally. Finally, all two groups were post-tested. The qualitative analysis showed that both groups suffered from various listening problems related to mental processing in comprehension. Result of quantitative analysis also revealed that the experimental group which was instructed dynamically outperformed the control group which was taught non-dynamically. The findings of this study suggest that dynamic interventions would not only affect the promotion of the EFL listening comprehension in educational settings but also have a significant effect on the performance of the dynamic group in comparison with the non-dynamic group.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301A Correlational Study of Expectancy Grammar’s Manifestation on Cloze Test and Lexical Collocational Densityبررسی همبستگی دستور زبان انتظاری در آزمون کلوز و تراکم همنشینی واژگانی1751891394710.22049/jalda.2019.26517.1132ENKazemPouralvarAssisstant Professor of TEFL, Faculty of Multimedia, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20190611The notion of expectancy grammar as a key to understanding the nature of psychologically real processes that underlie language use is introduced by Oller (1979). A central issue in this notion is that expectancy generating systems are constructed and modified in the course of language acquisition. Thus, one of the characteristics of language proficiency is that it consists of such an expectancy generating system. Therefore, it is claimed that for a proposed measure to qualify as a language test, it must invoke the expectancy system or grammar of the examinee.This article aimed at finding the relationship between textuality of a text and its realization in expectancy grammar. To this end, texts with high and low lexical collocational density (LCD) as a means of reaching textuality in a text are given to participants in the form of cloze test. Texts with high and low lexical collocational density were selected to act as cloze tests and administered on EFL learners. An independant t-test was used to analyse the mean of the scores obtained in pairs of low and high LCD texts. The results showd that texts with high lexical collocational density enjoy higher degrees of readibility and are suitable for cloze tests. In other words, the group who took cloze tests with high lexical collocational density outpeformed the group whose cloze tests had been prepared on texts with low lexical collocational density.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301Short-Term and Long-Term Impacts of Pre-Service vs. In-Service Reflective Task-Oriented Training on Novice and Experienced Teachers’ Mediating Rolesتاثیر کوتاه مدت و بلند مدت دورههای تربیت معلم متفکرانه و کار-محور قبل و ضمن خدمت بر نقشهای میانجیگرانۀ معلمان تازه کار و با تجربه1912131394810.22049/jalda.2019.26514.1131ENBehjatAsaLecturer of TEFL, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.ZohrehSeifooriAssociate Professor of TEFL, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0002-4296-8226NasrinHadidi TamjidAssistant Professor of TEFL, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.https://orcid.org/00Journal Article20190608Teacher training programs in EFL contexts pursue the goal of promoting teaching skills and critical dispositions in prospective and experienced teachers and their ability to reflect on and enhance their mediating roles to maximize learning outcomes. Yet, discrepancies in teachers’ roles during and after the programs are not uncommon and accentuate the need to assess outcomes. This quasi-experimental study aimedto provide research-based data on the outcomes of a 60-hour reflective task-supported (RTS) teacher training course, comprising theoretical, observational, and practicum modules, in terms of immediate and delayed changes in the mediating roles performed by 37 pre-service and 40 in-service Iranian male and female teachers. The findings obtained from the structured observation of the participants’ teaching demonstrations at the onset and the end of the study and during the first working semester were analyzed statistically through One-way repeated measures ANOVAs and indicated significant improvements in the mediating roles in both groups from the first to the second observation immediately after the training and from the immediate to the delayed observation only in the pre-service group. The findings underscore vitality of in pre-service and in-service training programs and accommodating reflective teaching and observational tasks in enhancing teaching roles.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301Our Sense of Identity: “Who am I?” Gender and Cultural Studiesهویت واقعی ما: من کیستم؟ با رویکرد مطالعات جنسیت و مطالعات فرهنگی2152281395310.22049/jalda.2019.26497.1129ENHosseinSabouriAssociate Professor of English Literature, Department of English Language and Literature, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran0000-0003-1920-994XJournal Article20190526Identity is seen as a cultural and social construct, which indicates how we have been embodied and how we might represent ourselves. The knowledge that identities are the outputs of discourses is a familiar characteristic of some societal concepts. Gender, as an identity or a sense of our identity we build for ourselves, rather than something we are born with, is a constructed cultural category and is based on power relations and social norms that are part of a social system. Through gender as well as cultural studies, this paper will curiously look at the motion of mobility of self (identity) as it has been constructed in culture. The researcher also wants to note that the discursive practices such as the normal beliefs, social systems, and substantial behaviors of a cultural, religious, or social group view identity not as a kind of recognition with a group having common characteristics but as a construction among hidden cultural, political, and ideological intentions. Therefore, it is said that identity is in process and can be shaped by culture, media, and public opinion.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301The Impact of Genre-based Instruction of Narrative Texts on Iranian EFL Learners’ Motivation for Writingتاثیر آموزش بر مبنای ژانر متون روایی بر انگیزش نوشتن زبان آموزان ایرانی2292421395510.22049/jalda.2019.26594.1133ENPaymanRezvaniAssistant Professor of Applied Linguistics,
Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, IranMahnazSaeidiAssociate Professor of Applied Linguistics,
Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20190625This quasi-experimental study investigated the instructional efficacy of genre-based approach on Iranian EFL learners<strong>’</strong>motivation for writing. Out of 180 participants, 60 EFL male and female students at university level, with the age range of 19-28, based on a standard profeciency test, Preliminary English Test (PET), were selected and randomly assigned into control and experimental groups. Each group contained 30 students for which a pre-test and post-test (as motivation for writing questionnaire) were administered. The teaching materials of narrative texts were prepared in a way to conform to the genere-based approach. The results of the study, based on statistical analysis of one way of ANOVA, indicated that the genre-based methodology had significant effects on Iranian EFL learners<strong>’</strong>motivation for writing. The finding is very useful for Applied Linguists and syllabus designers as well as language teachers and learners.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301Book Review: "New Geographies of Language: Language Culture and Politics in Wales"مرور کتاب2432451395110.22049/jalda.2019.26443.1117ENSaharAhmadpourDepartment of English Language, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, IranJournal Article20190303The book New Geographies of Language: Language, Culture and Politics in Wales is naturally seeking a very interesting goal rarely been witnessed before. For one thing, it is trying to mix language and linguistics with a totally distinct science, geography. For another, geography happens to be a literally exotic science. Students all around the world might be generally of two types: Those who love geography (the author belonged to this category), and those who loath it. This is enough for considering geography as not being a regular science. Therefore, Rhys Jones and Huw Lewis have put a really difficult task on their hands. Bringing linguistics and geography together might seem very risky at first, but by reading this book one realizes that it has been well worth it. The book contains 8 chapters all being clearly related to each other. So only a brief account of chapters will be introduced here. The most important concern of the book is to bring into lights how a nation’s status can be altered by attending to educating language in connection to its history and culture.Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances2820-89867120190301Abstracts in Persian, Volume 7, Issue 1چکیده مقالات به زبان فارسی14273ENJournal Article20210728