1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Zahra Zargaran; Mohsen Ghorbanpoor
Abstract
This study examines the perceptions and practices of Teachers who teach Level 2 in using standardised writing assessment rubrics at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences (UTAS) in Oman. A semi-structured interview and think-aloud protocol were employed to examine how teachers interpreted ...
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This study examines the perceptions and practices of Teachers who teach Level 2 in using standardised writing assessment rubrics at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences (UTAS) in Oman. A semi-structured interview and think-aloud protocol were employed to examine how teachers interpreted and applied rubric criteria while marking Task 2 writing. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the qualitative data, revealing both the strengths and limitations of the current rubric, such as vague descriptors and misalignment with A2-level learner expectations. Based on teacher feedback, a modified rubric was developed. To evaluate its impact, a within-subjects design was employed, and a paired-sample t-test was conducted to compare students’ writing scores between the two versions of the rubric. Results showed significant improvements in students’ overall writing scores, especially in the areas of grammar and vocabulary. The findings underscore the value of teacher-informed rubric design, alignment with instructional goals, and ongoing moderation. This study contributes to enhancing assessment reliability and pedagogical relevance in EFL writing evaluation in higher education institutions such as UTAS in Oman.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Simin Anbarshahi; Omid Yeganeh
Abstract
Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), as a prominent pedagogical approach, has emerged as a significant innovation in language education, particularly recognized for its potential to enhance speaking fluency among Iranian EFL learners and aims to enhance accuracy, fluency and complexity of the utterances ...
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Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), as a prominent pedagogical approach, has emerged as a significant innovation in language education, particularly recognized for its potential to enhance speaking fluency among Iranian EFL learners and aims to enhance accuracy, fluency and complexity of the utterances produced by language learners. The purpose of the present study is to examine the impact of TBLT on learners’ motivation and speaking fluency. The research design included both experimental and control groups, each participating in a 12-session course. The experimental group engaged in TBLT with an emphasis on form, while the conventional methods were utilized for the control group. Speaking fluency was evaluated using Rate A and Rate B fluency measures and academic motivation was assessed through a motivation questionnaire based on Dörnyei and Dewaele’s (2002) L2 Motivational Self System Questionnaire, which included two main sections. A speaking assessment was administrated as a pretest before the treatment and as a posttest after the treatment. Afterward, the result was analyzed; the findings indicated that the experimental group, which received TBLT, outperformed the control group in both motivation and speaking fluency. The results suggest that TBLT, particularly through real-world tasks, encourages students to practice speaking in meaningful contexts, making the learning process more engaging. As a result, students exhibit increased motivation and readiness for lessons, highlighting the potential of TBLT to enhance both language proficiency and learner motivation. This study offers significant insights for language educators, course designers, and policymakers in the field of EFL, suggesting that task-based activities should be incorporated into language learning curricula to improve not only linguistic proficiency but also student motivation and engagement.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Ali Arabmofrad; Yeganeh Kazemi; Milad Alizadeh; Eesa Niazi
Abstract
Addressing an underexplored dimension of the socio-emotional aspects of second language acquisition, this study examines how emotional intelligence (EI) and self-efficacy (SE) differentially predict emotion regulation (ER) among 256 Iranian EFL learners aged 10 to 15. Employing Structural Equation Modeling ...
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Addressing an underexplored dimension of the socio-emotional aspects of second language acquisition, this study examines how emotional intelligence (EI) and self-efficacy (SE) differentially predict emotion regulation (ER) among 256 Iranian EFL learners aged 10 to 15. Employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the research investigates the interrelationships among these psychological constructs within the context of English language learning. The findings indicate a moderate yet statistically significant positive association between SE and ER, and a stronger positive relationship between EI and ER, while no significant correlation emerges between SE and EI. The proposed SEM model exhibits an excellent fit, confirming that EI serves as a more powerful predictor of ER than SE. These resultsunderscore the crucial role of emotional intelligence in facilitating learners’ management of affective experiences during language learning. Consequently, the study recommends incorporating EI-oriented training within EFL instructional programs to foster learners’ emotional regulation, resilience, and academic success, thereby reinforcing the complementary relationship between emotional competence and linguistic-cognitive development.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Ahmed Rawdhan Salman; Saman Ebadi; Sajad Velayati
Abstract
This study adopted a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach to investigate the variables that govern the acceptance and use of ChatGPT for learning English by 220 Iraqi university students. According to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the study used a survey to measure perceived usefulness, ...
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This study adopted a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach to investigate the variables that govern the acceptance and use of ChatGPT for learning English by 220 Iraqi university students. According to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the study used a survey to measure perceived usefulness, ease of use, attitude, behavioral intention and actual use, as well as perceived enjoyment, facilitating conditions and technological complexity. Later, interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner. The quantitative analysis revealed that while gender was not a significant predictor of attitude, it influenced actual usage rates. More significantly, prior experience with technology emerged as a critical dividing line, and students with high digital readiness reported significantly more positive perceptions across all constructs, particularly regarding facilitating conditions. Qualitative data revealed a clear pattern showing that English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners see ChatGPT as a tool that enhances proficiency, increases motivation, and provides personalized learning suggestions. Although there are some benefits of self-assessment, there are nonetheless substantial concerns surrounding the absence of dynamic interactional feedback and the danger of developing over-reliance and ethical considerations. The findings of the study showed that Iraqi EFL learners viewed the ChatGPT as a beneficial tool. However, to ensure its effective and fair implementation, pedagogical frameworks must be designed to scaffold digital literacy and provide clear guidelines to control its practical and ethical shortcomings.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Sasan Baleghizadeh; Mehran Mousavi
Abstract
Although IELTS preparation materials often claim to promote communicative competence, there is growing concern that they prioritize test-taking strategies over the development of authentic listening skills. This study examines the communicative orientation of listening tasks in six widely used IELTS ...
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Although IELTS preparation materials often claim to promote communicative competence, there is growing concern that they prioritize test-taking strategies over the development of authentic listening skills. This study examines the communicative orientation of listening tasks in six widely used IELTS preparation coursebooks in Iran (selected based on consultations with 15 institute directors across four major cities). In this context, learners heavily rely on instructional materials due to limited access to authentic English input. Utilizing an integrated framework that synthesizes Goh’s (2001) task typology with Bachman and Palmer’s (1996) model of communicative language ability, the study analyzed 565 listening tasks, a large sample, drawn from these internationally published IELTS coursebooks. Tasks were classified into four categories, one-way transactional, one-way interactional, two-way transactional, and two-way interactional, based on their participatory structure and communicative purpose. The findings show a clear imbalance; tasks are predominantly one-way transactional, emphasizing passive information extraction with limited opportunities for interactive engagement or pragmatic interpretation. While some coursebooks exhibit a gradual progression toward communicative authenticity across proficiency levels, others remain heavily exam-oriented. This variation reflects inconsistent support for developing real-world listening skills. In the Iranian EFL context, such a focus on non-interactive tasks may hinder learners’ pragmatic and strategic competence, leaving them underprepared for academic and professional communication. The study highlights the need for more communicatively oriented materials and pedagogical strategies aligned with national curriculum goals.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
komeil Jafari Sanksarak; Mehrshad Ahmadian; Ebrahim Fakhri Alamdari
Abstract
This mixed-methods study examined the effects of three scaffolded academic reading comprehension instructional models— Joyce-Gibbons’ (2017) socioculturally informed classroom-based scaffolding, Van de Pol et al.’s (2010) contingent scaffolding framework, and Coyle’s (2015) scaffolding ...
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This mixed-methods study examined the effects of three scaffolded academic reading comprehension instructional models— Joyce-Gibbons’ (2017) socioculturally informed classroom-based scaffolding, Van de Pol et al.’s (2010) contingent scaffolding framework, and Coyle’s (2015) scaffolding approach on both reading achievement and critical learner characteristics —on EFL undergraduate learners’ reading achievement, motivation, resilience, and self-regulation at Islamic Azad University of Mazandaran. A total of 120 Persian-speaking students, aged 19 to 25, from diverse academic majors were randomly assigned to three experimental groups. Standardized instruments including the Oxford Placement Test, L2 Motivational Selves Questionnaire, Resilience Questionnaire, Self-Regulation Questionnaire, and a Reading Comprehension Test were administered pre- and post-intervention. Over 8–10 weeks, each group received scaffolded instruction tailored to its assigned model. Quantitative analyses (MANOVA) revealed significant improvements in all measured domains for each instructional model compared to control groups, with large effect sizes confirming substantial gains in both cognitive and affective learner outcomes. Each of these models, although distinct in their pedagogical underpinnings, shares a common commitment to providing structured, responsive, and gradual support that facilitates learners’ transition from assisted to independent performance. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews further highlighted learners’ positive perceptions of scaffolded instruction and its role in enhancing academic and emotional engagement. The findings underscore the pedagogical value of scaffolded reading strategies in fostering holistic learner development and suggest directions for integrating culturally responsive scaffolding approaches in EFL settings.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Hoda Divsar
Abstract
Despite the promising role of technology in education, teachers’ techno-stress anchors integrating technology into the instructional process. The present research aimed to test a structural model of teachers’ techno-stress, technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK), computer self-efficacy, ...
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Despite the promising role of technology in education, teachers’ techno-stress anchors integrating technology into the instructional process. The present research aimed to test a structural model of teachers’ techno-stress, technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK), computer self-efficacy, environmental support, academic resilience, and burnout. To achieve this goal, 232 EFL teachers completed the Computer Self-Efficacy Scale, Teachers’ Technostress Level Defining, TPACK survey, Overall Support questionnaire, Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, and Maslach Burnout Inventory (2016). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on all questionnaires, confirming satisfactory validity and reliability indices that supported the subfactors within the constructs. Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that: (a) EFL teachers’ TPACK, and resilience negatively predicted their technostress while burnout predicted technostress positively; (b) administrative support and computer self-efficacy negatively predicted EFL teachers’ technostress through the mediating role of TPACK and resilience; (c) Teachers' burnout serves as a mediator between administrative support and technostress, as well as computer self-efficacy, exhibiting a negative association with latent exogenous variables and demonstrating significant predictive impact on the latent endogenous. (d) Additionally, TPACK and resilience indirectly affected teachers’ burnout, demonstrating that elevated levels of TPACK and resilience are associated with reduced burnout and technostress; (e) Technostress was positively associated with age, whereas its relationship with gender was nonsignificant. The analysis yielded instructional recommendations for EFL instructors, educators, and policymakers.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Sami Raihan; Saeed Ketabi; Zargham Ghabanchi
Abstract
This study investigated how blended learning (BL) and virtual learning (VL) impacted Iraqi EFL learners' willingness to communicate (WTC) and their oral proficiency. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, researchers involved 120 students from Karbala University, who were randomly assigned to face-to-face, ...
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This study investigated how blended learning (BL) and virtual learning (VL) impacted Iraqi EFL learners' willingness to communicate (WTC) and their oral proficiency. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, researchers involved 120 students from Karbala University, who were randomly assigned to face-to-face, virtual, and blended learning groups. Quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-tests, while qualitative insights were gathered from semi-structured interviews with EFL instructors. Findings revealed that both BL and VL significantly enhanced learners' WTC, with no notable differences between the two methods. However, BL demonstrated greater effectiveness in improving oral proficiency compared to VL. The Iraqi EFL teachers generally expressed positive views toward both teaching methods, with a preference for blended learning. The study concluded that while both approaches offered valuable benefits for EFL instruction, the blended learning emerged as a particularly effective method by combining the strengths of virtual and face-to-face teaching. These results could provide insights for developing effective EFL teaching strategies that utilize various learning modalities.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Mohaddeseh Hashemi-aghdam; Sima Modirkhamene; Parviz Alavinia
Abstract
This study explored the interplay between teaching practices (relevance, feedback/feedforward, and organization and clarity), and students’ vocabulary achievement. Additionally, examining the mediating role of students’ growth orientation (GO) in this interaction, we also analyzed how teaching ...
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This study explored the interplay between teaching practices (relevance, feedback/feedforward, and organization and clarity), and students’ vocabulary achievement. Additionally, examining the mediating role of students’ growth orientation (GO) in this interaction, we also analyzed how teaching practices (TP) interact with GO. A convenient sample of 1,105 tenth-grade high school students participated in the study by completing surveys including adapted measures of GO, TP, and a vocabulary test. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used which consequently ended in the optimal fit of the overall research model that ensured the right path in the study. The findings revealed that students’ perceptions of TP were closely linked to their GO and vocabulary development. It was also found that GO interacted with students’ achievements. Furthermore, the results indicated that GO mediated the causal association between students' perception on TP and students' achievements. These results underscore the critical role of fostering GO among students while highlighting the influence of effective TP on shaping students’ mindsets, growth goal-setting behaviors, and academic success. The findings further support the idea that targeted interventions aimed at enhancing GO can lead to improved educational achievements.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Farahman Farrokhi; Mohammad Zohrabi; Nava Nourdad; Aysan Bolandnazar
Abstract
Vocabulary is a powerful carrier of meaning in a language, and developing vocabulary knowledge is an essential task in the process of enhancing a foreign language. The current study explores vocabulary knowledge as a multi-component construct by analyzing various vocabulary components’ relationships ...
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Vocabulary is a powerful carrier of meaning in a language, and developing vocabulary knowledge is an essential task in the process of enhancing a foreign language. The current study explores vocabulary knowledge as a multi-component construct by analyzing various vocabulary components’ relationships and acquisition order in an Iranian EFL context. Moreover, this study aims to provide a better conceptualization of EFL vocabulary knowledge. A total of 170 Iranian EFL learners were evaluated using eight vocabulary tests that assessed recall and recognition knowledge of derivatives, form-meaning link, multiple meanings, and collocations, following Nation’s (2022) framework. First, correlational analyses indicated that all measured word knowledge components were interrelated. Moreover, the Implicational Scaling analysis uncovered a uniform trend in vocabulary acquisition for these components, suggesting that recognition knowledge is obtained before recalling knowledge across all aspects. Therefore, the hierarchy pattern indicated that the participants with knowledge of higher aspects are highly likely to know the lower aspects. Furthermore, Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated that word knowledge in this context can be conceptualized as a unidimensional construct. A comprehensive understanding of the nature of vocabulary knowledge and the interrelationships among its components can provide critical insights into the role of vocabulary acquisition in EFL contexts.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Hossein Navidinia; Fateme Mohseni; Fateme Chahkandi; Mahmood Sangari
Abstract
Plagiarism is a significant concern in academic settings worldwide, with implications for educational integrity and student development. In English as a Foreign Language (EFL) educational contexts, understanding plagiarism can be particularly challenging due to linguistic and cultural differences. This ...
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Plagiarism is a significant concern in academic settings worldwide, with implications for educational integrity and student development. In English as a Foreign Language (EFL) educational contexts, understanding plagiarism can be particularly challenging due to linguistic and cultural differences. This study sought to probe Iranian EFL students' perceptions of plagiarism, their knowledge of and attitudes toward it, as well as the reasons for the acts of plagiarism. In so doing, 200 graduate EFL students answered a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were employed to present the results. The findings demonstrated that the participants lacked awareness and understanding of what constitutes plagiarism. Many students were found to have a low level of knowledge about plagiarism, and they did not recognize certain acts as plagiarism. The results also provided insights into the reasons for plagiarism. Specifically, most of them believed that they might commit plagiarism as a result of the difficulty of some assignments and a poor understanding of plagiarism. The findings suggest a need for comprehensive education and awareness programs to harness students' understanding of academic integrity. This study adds to the literature on academic integrity in diverse educational contexts and highlights the importance of culturally sensitive approaches to teaching ethical academic practices.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Supiani Supiani; Nur Mukminatien; Suharyadi Suharyadi; Siti Muniroh; Lailatul Kodriyah
Abstract
Previous studies have examined students’ engagement with various forms of teacher-written feedback, particularly in relation to improving writing performance. However, little attention has been paid to how students respond emotionally, cognitively, and behaviorally to the use of a combination of ...
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Previous studies have examined students’ engagement with various forms of teacher-written feedback, particularly in relation to improving writing performance. However, little attention has been paid to how students respond emotionally, cognitively, and behaviorally to the use of a combination of written text-based and audio-visual feedback in an EFL writing class. To fill this gap, this classroom case study investigates Indonesian undergraduate students’ responses to various types of multimodal feedback, aiming to promote substantive revision and improvement in their writing. This multimodal feedback provides a more comprehensive and engaging approach to guiding and supporting student learning in writing development compared to using written text-based feedback alone. Data were collected through students’ written drafts, instructor feedback, student-instructor conferences, and follow-up interviews with students enrolled in an essay writing course. The findings revealed that while many students initially experienced confusion, frustration, or discouragement, particularly with indirect written corrective feedback, continued instructor support and the use of audio-visual feedback enhanced clarity, engagement, and understanding through its conversational tone and visual cues. Students became more reflective and utilized diverse resources, although they struggled with higher-level revisions due to limited feedback literacy and writing proficiency, or a lack of language proficiency. To overcome challenges, they relied on peer collaboration, instructor guidance, and digital tools. Face-to-face conferences also helped them clarify issues and improve the quality of their drafts.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Rajab Esfandiari; Omid Allaf-Akbary
Abstract
This study sought to explore how personality traits (extroverts and introverts) affect EFL learners' utilization of interactional metadiscourse markers (IMMs) in expository writing when they use two AI chatbots, Gemini and Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, the study analyzed learners' experiences and ...
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This study sought to explore how personality traits (extroverts and introverts) affect EFL learners' utilization of interactional metadiscourse markers (IMMs) in expository writing when they use two AI chatbots, Gemini and Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, the study analyzed learners' experiences and preferences when the learners interact with these chatbots to understand their perceptions and overall satisfaction. The participants consisted of 150 advanced language learners randomly assigned to four experimental groups: Gemini extroverted learners, Gemini introverted learners, Microsoft Copilot extroverted learners, Microsoft Copilot introverted learners, and a control group. Throughout eight sessions, the participants in the Gemini group utilized the Gemini AI platform on their computer monitors to investigate IMMs, while the Microsoft Copilot groups were exposed to IMMs through Microsoft Copilot AI companion. The control group was taught using traditional methods, which involved reading the designated instructional materials. The results of a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) procedure revealed that the introverted advanced participants in the Gemini group surpassed the other groups in the posttest focused on recognizing and identifying IMMs, with statistically significant differences among the groups. In the posttest, there was also an improvement in both Microsoft Copilot advanced introverted and extroverted learners in realizing IMMs in expository writing. The Gemini advanced extroverted group and the control group performed poorly compared to the other groups. Semi-structured interview results analyzed through MAXQDA (version 2022) suggested that Microsoft Copilot adeptly supports both advanced extroverted and introverted learners in refining their expository writing skills by facilitating metadiscourse development.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Hezha Bakhtiyar Abdalla; Abdorreza Tahriri; Seyyed Ayatollah Razmjoo; Masoud Khalili Sabet
Abstract
Critical Pedagogy (CP) has gained increasing recognition as an educational approach that fosters critical thinking, social awareness, and transformative learning. However, its integration into English language teaching (ELT) in the Iraqi Kurdistan context remains underexplored, where traditional pedagogical ...
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Critical Pedagogy (CP) has gained increasing recognition as an educational approach that fosters critical thinking, social awareness, and transformative learning. However, its integration into English language teaching (ELT) in the Iraqi Kurdistan context remains underexplored, where traditional pedagogical methods dominate. This study examines the awareness of CP among EFL teachers in Iraqi Kurdistan, investigating whether academic degree, teaching setting, and gender influence CP awareness levels. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 397 EFL teachers employed in high schools, secondary schools, and universities across the region. A newly developed Critical Pedagogy Questionnaire (CPQ) was administered, and the responses were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results revealed significant differences in CP awareness across academic degrees and teaching settings, with BA holders and high school teachers exhibiting the highest awareness levels. Gender-based differences were also observed, with female teachers displaying greater awareness in co-construction of knowledge and adapted content, while male teachers showed higher awareness in agency and praxis. These findings underscore the need for practice-based teacher training programs and institutional support to facilitate CP’s practical implementation in ELT.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Hamed Badpa; Ali Beikian
Abstract
Textbooks play a crucial role in language learning and the development of intercultural communicative competence (ICC). However, few studies have compared local and international English writing textbooks in terms of overall quality and ICC integration. In response, this study evaluates Effective Academic ...
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Textbooks play a crucial role in language learning and the development of intercultural communicative competence (ICC). However, few studies have compared local and international English writing textbooks in terms of overall quality and ICC integration. In response, this study evaluates Effective Academic Writing 2 (EAW2), an international textbook, and Essay Writing (EW), an Iranian one, in terms of overall quality, ICC attributes, and potential areas for improvement. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, data were collected from 27 purposively selected Iranian university teachers. Specifically, a 61-item Textbook Evaluation Checklist was administered, employing a five-point Likert scale (5 = Strongly Agree, 1 = Strongly Disagree), and analyzed by calculating means and standard deviations for both EAW2 and EW. Additionally, responses to five open-ended questions were collected and examined through thematic content analysis to identify qualitative themes. Findings show EAW2 excels in practicality (M = 4.0) and ICC attributes (M = 3.6), promoting global cultural exposure, but lacks local relevance (M = 3.1). Conversely, EW aligns with local contexts (M = 3.7) but neglects global perspectives (M = 2.9). Both textbooks exhibit weak multimedia integration and fail to provide interactive platforms to support writing instruction (M = 3.0). The small sample size limits generalizability, necessitating caution in broader application. In light of the findings, authors and designers of English writing textbooks should create materials that balance local cultural contexts with global perspectives to foster both linguistic proficiency and ICC in diverse English Language Teaching (ELT) settings. Furthermore, they should integrate innovative multimedia tools, interactive platforms, and AI-driven tools to enhance cultural exposure, engagement, and dynamic interaction.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Mohammad Ghafouri; Jaleh Hassaskhah; Amir Mahdavi Zafarghandi; Masoud Khalili Sabet
Abstract
Psycho-emotional studies in second language (L2) contexts often focus on a bivariate view of well-being, separating positivity and negativity. However, Existential Positive Psychology (EPP) posits that well-being inherently involves navigating suffering and hardships. Addressing a gap in applied linguistics ...
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Psycho-emotional studies in second language (L2) contexts often focus on a bivariate view of well-being, separating positivity and negativity. However, Existential Positive Psychology (EPP) posits that well-being inherently involves navigating suffering and hardships. Addressing a gap in applied linguistics regarding EPP-informed perspectives on teacher well-being, this study explores the resilient mindset of Iranian L2 teachers using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. Quantitatively, 157 English teachers completed an EPP-driven resilience scale measuring existential facets of the concept, including toughness, responsibility, appreciation, mindfulness, meaning, and belief. Qualitatively, interviews with 17 teachers were analyzed using the SPARK model, which renders one’s resilience in disturbing moments through processing situations, perceptions, affects, reactions, and knowledge. Findings from multivariate analysis of variance and thematic analysis revealed that the teachers involved in the study exhibited moderate levels of existential resilience, with qualitative themes highlighting salient factors that contribute to shaping teachers’ resilience. These insights reflected the importance of an EPP framework in understanding teacher resilience and offered insights for subsequent practical endeavors for L2 teacher education focused on resilience promotion.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Farshad Naseri; Ali Roohani; Azizullah Mirzaei
Abstract
While second/foreign language (L2) speaking fluency is essential for effective communication, fostering it in distance online education settings continues to pose substantial challenges. This study sought to examine the effectiveness of two motivation-based instructional frameworks/models, namely the ...
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While second/foreign language (L2) speaking fluency is essential for effective communication, fostering it in distance online education settings continues to pose substantial challenges. This study sought to examine the effectiveness of two motivation-based instructional frameworks/models, namely the ARCS-based and L2MSS vision-inspired models, in promoting L2 speaking fluency in an online learning context. In doing so, 61 upper-intermediate L2 (English) learners in three intact classes, chosen based on convenience sampling, were divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups received instruction based on the ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction) and L2MSS (Second Language Motivational Self System) frameworks, while the control group received conventional teaching. The three groups were pretested and posttested through structured interviews, with the resulting data imported into PRAAT software. The non-parametric test results revealed significant differences, with the ARCS and L2MSS groups outperforming the control group on speaking fluency measures such as the number of silent pauses and articulation rate. The findings underscore the importance of motivation-oriented interventions in the development of speaking fluency in distance learning.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Nandyan Ayu Nooryastuti; Yazid Basthomi; Siti Muniroh; Niamika El Khoiri; Zuliati Rohmah
Abstract
As 21st-century learning skills become increasingly essential in preparing students for global challenges, it is crucial to assess how these competencies are manifested in English language teaching materials. However, existing research on the representation of these skills in widely used textbooks remains ...
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As 21st-century learning skills become increasingly essential in preparing students for global challenges, it is crucial to assess how these competencies are manifested in English language teaching materials. However, existing research on the representation of these skills in widely used textbooks remains limited, highlighting the need for a systematic evaluation. This study investigates the representation of 21st-century learning skills in English language teaching materials through a content analysis of Cutting Edge – Pre-Intermediate by Pearson. Findings reveal an uneven emphasis on these skills—Communication emerges as the most prominent, underscoring its role in fostering interaction and expression. Collaboration follows, highlighting its significance in teamwork and problem-solving. However, Critical Thinking and Creativity receive moderate representation, while Citizenship and Character Education are significantly underrepresented. The disparities suggest the need for a more balanced integration of 21st-century skills to foster holistic student development.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Omid Mallahi
Abstract
In the existing literature, feedback is often viewed as a one-way transfer of information from teachers to learners, thereby treating the learners as passive recipients. Nevertheless, the introduction of the concept of feedback-seeking behavior (FSB) into L2 writing has changed the learners’ role ...
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In the existing literature, feedback is often viewed as a one-way transfer of information from teachers to learners, thereby treating the learners as passive recipients. Nevertheless, the introduction of the concept of feedback-seeking behavior (FSB) into L2 writing has changed the learners’ role to proactive feedback seekers who solicit personally relevant information to improve their writing performance. Accordingly, the present study explored the status of feedback-seeking behavior, growth mindset and L2 writing selves among 40 BA Iranian students of TEFL. The necessary data were collected through a series of questionnaires related to the main variables and by conducting focus-group interviews. The collected data were analyzed using statistical procedures such as correlation, multiple regression and t-test and the qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The results indicated statistically significant correlations between the learners' FSB and their growth mindset and L2 writing selves. The results of multiple regression also pointed to the superiority of the ought-to L2 writing self in predicting the FSB of the participants. In addition, the independent samples t-test showed statistically significant differences between more- and less-experienced student writers in their tendency towards seeking feedback from their instructors. Furthermore, the focus-group interview data analysis revealed the significant role of the nature and complexity of writing tasks, learners' personal characteristics such as their stress and confusion during the writing process and the nature of teacher-student relationship in influencing their feedback-seeking behavior.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Mahmoud Nabilou; Abbas Ali Zarei
Abstract
Flipped instruction has been shown to be effective in improving learning. However, this improvement might come at a cost. Since the responsibility for preparing is shifted to students, there is also a risk of augmenting learners’ anxiety. This study was an attempt to check the effects of flipped ...
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Flipped instruction has been shown to be effective in improving learning. However, this improvement might come at a cost. Since the responsibility for preparing is shifted to students, there is also a risk of augmenting learners’ anxiety. This study was an attempt to check the effects of flipped instruction through shad application on foreign language classroom anxiety among Iranian English learners. 120 male pre-intermediate English language learners constituted the main participants of this study. The participants were randomly assigned to one control and three experimental groups based on their performance on an Oxford Placement Test (OPT). The instruction provided for the control group was conventional instruction while the first experimental group received traditional flipping, the second group received demonstration-based instruction, and the third experimental group received double-flipped instruction for eight sessions, each lasting for 45 minutes. Data collection was done using pretests and posttests of foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA); the results of ANCOVA revealed that all the three types of flipped learning had more positive effects than conventional instruction on reducing the learners’ anxiety level; however, there were no meaningful differences among the three types of flipping. The results of this study might be valuable for English learners and teachers, materials writers, and curriculum developers. The choice of the right kind of teaching materials and instructional techniques can help reduce learners’ anxiety.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Parisa Rajabi; Farhad Mazlum; Mahdi Dasta
Abstract
Given the key role communication plays in L2 learning, studies addressing students’ (un)willingness to communicate (WTC) and factors contributing to it are of pedagogical and theoretical relevance. Although studies on Iranian students’ WTC and its relationship with different variables are ...
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Given the key role communication plays in L2 learning, studies addressing students’ (un)willingness to communicate (WTC) and factors contributing to it are of pedagogical and theoretical relevance. Although studies on Iranian students’ WTC and its relationship with different variables are available, no research has been conducted on how Kuhl’s (1994) Action Control (AC) theory—proposed to carry explanatory potential regarding WTC—relates to it or its pertinent variables. The current study aims at investigating the predictive power of three variables (preoccupation, hesitation, and volatility) underpinning Kuhl’s AC theory and two high-evidence key factors (perceived competence and communication apprehension) vis-à-vis Iranian English students’ WTC in class. To collect data, Willingness to Communicate in L2 Questionnaire, Perceived Competence Questionnaire, Communication Apprehension Scale, Preoccupation, Hesitation, and Volatility Scales were given to four hundred and fourteen English students. Structural Equation Modeling was utilized to analyze the data and test the hypothesized model. Findings indicated that volatility, an AC variable, coupled with perceived competence and communication apprehension are significant predictors of students’ WTC. Results also suggested that hesitation and preoccupation predict WTC indirectly. Findings are used to maintain that Kuhl’s AC theory can help with explaining WTC with reference to a new argument, i.e. state and action orientation. The paper ends with pedagogical suggestions.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Farahman Farrokhi; Yaser Hadidi; Parya Tadayyon
Abstract
Considering the overwhelming nature of Pre-Task Planning (PTP) in writing for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of a factor of PTP called Strategic Planning (SP) on lexical complexity of Iranian EFL learners. The data collection procedure ...
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Considering the overwhelming nature of Pre-Task Planning (PTP) in writing for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of a factor of PTP called Strategic Planning (SP) on lexical complexity of Iranian EFL learners. The data collection procedure in this mixed-method research, which took 5 weeks, utilized the Oxford Quick Placement test (OQPT) to separate the sample of upper-intermediate learners. Following OQPT, the participants with a high working memory capacity (WMC), measured by the Operation Span Test (OST), were selected as the members of the final sample. They were categorized into three SP groups: form-focused (FF), content-focused (CF), and no planning (NP). After administrating the pre-tests of descriptive and argumentative tasks, each group received a different form of SP guidance, either FF or CF, in two different writing tasks for 4 sessions, whereas the NP group acted as the control group without any intervention. Then the post-tests were run in all three groups. The lexical sophistication of the post-tests was analyzed using the CELEX data center on the Coh-Metrix website. Based on ANOVA tests, FF instruction led to better and highly sophisticated writings in terms of lexis in both descriptive and argumentative tasks. The results can be helpful for syllabus designers, educators, and EFL learners to consider the type of SP in the PTP stage according to the WMC, in the case of different task types.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Samira Farahani; Mohammad Ali Heidari Shahreza; Mohsen Shahrokhi
Abstract
Mobile-mediated flipped scaffolding strategies have been documented as effective for language acquisition in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. This study employed a mixed-methods research design, collecting data through both quantitative and qualitative methods, to investigate the effectiveness ...
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Mobile-mediated flipped scaffolding strategies have been documented as effective for language acquisition in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. This study employed a mixed-methods research design, collecting data through both quantitative and qualitative methods, to investigate the effectiveness of a flipped classroom model in enhancing upper-intermediate EFL learners' grammatical writing skills and self-regulation. Additionally, the study explored the treatment group's attitudes towards the strategy. The Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT) was completed by 74 female upper-intermediate English language learners. 58 subjects (one standard deviation above and below the mean) were selected for the experimental and control groups. The study used a semi-structured interview, the Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) by Brown et al. (1999), and pre- and post-tests in grammar. The results showed that the treatment group did better than the control group in terms of self-regulation and grammar writing abilities. The interview results corroborated these findings, suggesting that students appreciated the strategy's engaging and educational elements. The study offers insightful proof for the effectiveness of flipped classrooms in addressing challenges faced by EFL learners in Iran. The mobile-mediated flipped scaffolding strategy demonstrates promise for improving grammatical writing skills and self-regulation. The study's implications highlight the importance of equipping learning environments with new resources and Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) guidance, enabling learners to develop autonomy and accountability in their learning.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Reza Dashtestani; Shadi Forutanian
Abstract
Developing students’ various competencies and skills of the Fourth Industrial Revolution has posed serious challenges for university students. However, only a few studies have been carried out regarding incorporating project-based learning activities that integrate general education and Fourth ...
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Developing students’ various competencies and skills of the Fourth Industrial Revolution has posed serious challenges for university students. However, only a few studies have been carried out regarding incorporating project-based learning activities that integrate general education and Fourth Industrial Revolution competencies as an education 4.0 project-based ESP curriculum (E4PEC). Therefore, this exploratory mixed-methods study has been carried out to develop a Medical English for Specific Purposes (ESP) course that is in line with a specific academic institution's curriculum, in order to understand how students perceived the challenges and benefits of studying Medicine based on E4PEC. A total of 64 fourth-year medical majors, 46 females and 18 male students at Najafabad Islamic Azad University in Iran, participated in the study. Cronbach’s Alpha test was run to test the reliability of the questionnaires’ items in order to explore students’ perceptions of the challenges and benefits of E4PEC. Regarding their perceptions of the benefits, it was found that all five categories received the students’ positive attitudes. More specifically, most of the students perceived that PBL brought the benefits of fostering language and content knowledge and skills, and enhancement of self-responsibility and personal qualities. The study findings suggest that the E4PEC-based ESP medicine courses were more beneficial than challenging for the students and had the potential to improve students' utilization and development of technology, communication, critical thinking and analysis, creativity, and problem-solving skills. Nevertheless, issues with peers frequently surfaced, including a lack of digital and research skills, as well as difficulties with both hard and soft skills. This study provides implications for the integration of E4PEC into ESP medical classes in Iranian higher education and other similar educational contexts.
1. Applied Linguistics (Language Teaching and Learning)
Maryam Farnia; Fatemeh Hemmati; Raziyeh Rabbani Yekta; Shoora Mirsayafi
Abstract
This quasi-experimental research examined multimodal feedback impacts on writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) of Iranian EFL learners in flipped and traditional classrooms. Hence, 57 Iranian EFL learners from two different language institutes at Babol City were recruited and divided into four ...
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This quasi-experimental research examined multimodal feedback impacts on writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) of Iranian EFL learners in flipped and traditional classrooms. Hence, 57 Iranian EFL learners from two different language institutes at Babol City were recruited and divided into four groups, including two experimental groups of flipped classroom plus multimodal feedback and traditional classroom plus multimodal feedback and two control groups of a flipped classroom plus monomodal (text-written) feedback and traditional classroom plus monomodal (text-written) feedback. Pretest and posttest were used to elicit information on the learners’ writing CAF. Experimental groups received multimodal feedback, and control groups received monomodal feedback during 12 weeks (24 sessions). According to the results obtained from one-way analysis of multivariate (MANOVA), providing multimodal feedback significantly improved students’ writing performance. Furthermore, using multimodal feedback via a flipped teaching model significantly influenced EFL learners’ writing CAF, suggesting that foreign language educators could effectively employ multimodal feedback primarily via flipped instruction to improve writing performance in intermediate EFL learners. The study results were discussed and some suggestions were given.
